{"id":3255,"date":"2025-07-25T06:06:19","date_gmt":"2025-07-24T22:06:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hkbwsblog.com\/the-art-of-ageing-and-sexing-birds\/"},"modified":"2026-01-19T15:54:08","modified_gmt":"2026-01-19T07:54:08","slug":"the-art-of-ageing-and-sexing-birds","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/hkbwsblog.com\/zh-hant\/the-art-of-ageing-and-sexing-birds\/","title":{"rendered":"The Art of Ageing and Sexing Birds"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3255\" class=\"elementor elementor-3255 elementor-380\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee570ef e-con-full bg-backdrop e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ee570ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa10420 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fa10420\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cc5206 elementor-widget__width-initial animated-fast elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5cc5206\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Art of Ageing and Sexing Birds<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cb50f5 elementor-widget__width-initial animated-fast elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0cb50f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">There are a few ways to tell the age and sex of a bird, depending on the species. Here we will provide a summary of the background knowledge needed to do just that, and there will be a list of references at the bottom of the page should you wish to find out more.<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d71a95b e-grid bg-backdrop e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d71a95b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-579f4ae e-con-full elementor-hidden-mobile contents-menu e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"579f4ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe61ecf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fe61ecf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63c4af9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"63c4af9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contents Menu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d062891 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d062891\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#Age-Groups\">Age Groups<\/a><\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff769d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff769d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#ageGroup-moult\">Moult<\/a><\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06d1923 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"06d1923\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#ageGroup-When\">When do birds moult?<\/a><\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e16158 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5e16158\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#ageGroup-What\">What feathers are we looking at?<\/a><\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94261e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"94261e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1550\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1550\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Moult Strategies <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1550\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a08a178 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a08a178\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97a4671 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"97a4671\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#Moult-SummerComplete\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Summer Complete, no winter moult, summer partial, no winter moult (SC, -, sp, -)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#Moult-Summer2\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Summer Complete, no winter moult (SC, -, SC, -)\u200b<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#Moult-Summer3\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Summer Complete, no winter moult (SC, -, SC, -)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1551\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1551\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Other ageing methods <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1551\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc34187 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dc34187\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36ecaec elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"36ecaec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#Moult-Iris\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Iris Colour<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#Skull-Pneu\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Skull Pneumatization<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c7961e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9c7961e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#Moult-Sexing\">Sexing<\/a><\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62137bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"62137bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#FinalNotes\">final notes<\/a><\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19b404f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"19b404f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#referenceReading\">references\/ Further reading<\/a><\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee009d2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ee009d2\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd8d739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dd8d739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1413\" height=\"942\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/lax861_osut_4_2022-04-08-8-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-3334\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/lax861_osut_4_2022-04-08-8-1.jpg 1413w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/lax861_osut_4_2022-04-08-8-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/lax861_osut_4_2022-04-08-8-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/lax861_osut_4_2022-04-08-8-1-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1413px) 100vw, 1413px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">A Common Tailorbird aged as 2nd calendar year or above caught April 2022<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0345306 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0345306\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"Age-Groups\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Age Groups<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb7042 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ffb7042\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f5a192 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f5a192\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To begin with, we need to understand the ages of birds. The classification of \u201cage\u201d differs between different countries\u2019 systems, so to maintain clarity, here we will talk about the \u201ccalendar year\u201d a bird is in.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f35015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3f35015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"942\" height=\"322\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-12.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-3274\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-12.png 942w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-12-300x103.png 300w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-12-768x263.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 942px) 100vw, 942px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">A timeline on the age classification of birds. Birds are aged as the number of calendar years they have lived in, with the year they were born in as the 1st calendar year and increasing past every January 1st.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f810c75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f810c75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>It is important to know that we can often only say that a bird is in its\u00a03rd calendar year OR older. This is because we are unable to distinguish between older birds, for reasons that we will come to.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80cbf68 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"80cbf68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-958533d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"958533d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"ageGroup-moult\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Moult<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9daeb11 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9daeb11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18116e2 e-con-full e-grid e-con e-child\" data-id=\"18116e2\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f4dc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93f4dc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>One of the most common and effective ways to age birds is based on their feathers <strong>(plumage)<\/strong>.<\/p><p>All birds regularly replace <strong>(moult)<\/strong> their feathers to keep them fresh and intact. However, they do not always replace ALL of their feathers. This, coupled with the fact that the different generations of feathers can be determined by the wear, condition, and shape of the feathers, leads us to the age of the bird.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01f6bf9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"01f6bf9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1764\" height=\"1021\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-15.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-7228\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-15.png 1764w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-15-300x174.png 300w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-15-1024x593.png 1024w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-15-768x445.png 768w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-15-1536x889.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1764px) 100vw, 1764px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">An example of a Baikal Bush Warbler in active moult, caught April 2022. 4 new primaries and 1 new secondary, one growing secondary and 3 old secondaries (browner and more worn) visible. More on the feather groups below.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b1b898 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2b1b898\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63a4f69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"63a4f69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"ageGroup-When\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">When do birds moult?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f59ba6 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7f59ba6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-128e261 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"128e261\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The types of moult we will be talking about here apply to most passerine (songbird) species, but especially to those that migrate. Moulting usually occurs or is almost completely finished before migration begins (this time also varies between species and ages within a species). For those that do not migrate (residents), this period can be more variable.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13a30cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"13a30cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"942\" height=\"397\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-16.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-3276\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-16.png 942w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-16-300x126.png 300w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-16-768x324.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 942px) 100vw, 942px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">A year-cycle of a typical migratory bird\u2019s life. Moult occurs soon after the juvenile leaves the nest (post-juvenile moult), or after breeding for the adult (post-breeding moult)- collectively known as the \u201csummer\u201d moult. Once this moult is near-finished, birds undergo their autumn migration from their breeding grounds to their winter grounds. On their wintering grounds, their \u201cwinter\u201d moult is undertaken. This is known as the \u201cpre-breeding\u201d moult and is completed before birds migrate back to their breeding grounds in spring. At this point, juveniles are now in their 2nd calendar year, and, for most passerines, their 2nd summer moult will be identical to the adults, making these age groups indistinguishable by Autumn of the 2nd year.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9a8d59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c9a8d59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As seen in the photo above, there are\u00a0three\u00a0different types of moult.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2581a1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2581a1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #6cd1fc;\"><strong>Post-juvenile moult- summer moult<\/strong><\/span><br \/>Occurs\u00a0once\u00a0in a bird\u2019s life, after fledging (leaving the nest, usually late summer). Only in juveniles (1st calendar year bird).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96e800f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"96e800f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #6cd1fc;\"><strong>Post-breeding moult- summer moult<\/strong><\/span> <br \/>Occurs after breeding (usually late Summer) in 2nd calendar year birds or older.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a48895 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1a48895\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #6cd1fc;\"><strong>Pre-breeding moult- winter moult<\/strong><\/span> <br \/>Occurs before breeding (during the winter or early Spring), in juveniles (1st calendar years) and older.\u00a0Note that NOT all species have a pre-breeding moult.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-604ed1d e-con-full e-grid e-con e-child\" data-id=\"604ed1d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488df46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"488df46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Any of these moults can either be\u00a0complete moults\u00a0(all feathers are moulted) or\u00a0partial moults\u00a0(a variable number of feathers are moulted).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-899a734 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"899a734\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"595\" height=\"224\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-17.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-3277\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-17.png 595w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-17-300x113.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 595px) 100vw, 595px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Left: Complete moult where all feathers moulted.<br>  Right: Partial moult where usually all body feathers and a variable amount of wing and tail feathers are moulted. Partial moults leave visible \u201cmoult limits\u201d- the change between the unmoulted and moulted feathers.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-480e591 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"480e591\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>When we talk about particular species, the moults of the adults and juveniles are usually denoted as follows:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08e15f9 e-con-full e-grid e-con e-child\" data-id=\"08e15f9\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae109bd elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"ae109bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Summer Complete<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">summer partial<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-073c2b4 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"073c2b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Winter Complete<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">winter partial<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">no winter (pre-breeding) moult is carried out by a species<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-997e226 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"997e226\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Adult\u2019s moult strategy is always stated first, followed by the juveniles, and separated with a comma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-397a714 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"397a714\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1033\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Frame-48096577-2-scaled.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-7251\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Frame-48096577-2-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Frame-48096577-2-300x121.png 300w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Frame-48096577-2-1024x413.png 1024w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Frame-48096577-2-768x310.png 768w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Frame-48096577-2-1536x620.png 1536w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Frame-48096577-2-2048x827.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f55cf4a elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"f55cf4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e11cf0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e11cf0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"ageGroup-What\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What feathers are we looking at?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98bfc24 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"98bfc24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0269a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f0269a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To begin with, we must look at the different feather groups, most importantly in the wing, where we can see the \u201cmoult limits\u201d (the difference between feather generations). The different feather groups are shown below. Note that the Greater Coverts, Primaries and Secondaries are counted from the outside of the wing inwards towards to bird, while the Tertials are counted from the inside of the wing outwards, away from the bird\u2019s body.<\/p><p>GC= Greater Coverts, MC= Median Coverts, LC= Lesser Coverts, CC= Carpal Covert, T= Tertials, S= Secondaries, P= Primaries, PC= Primary Coverts<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7a2ff9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b7a2ff9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/925895277037644f260c378d5218fcfca5bfe43e-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6981\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/925895277037644f260c378d5218fcfca5bfe43e-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/925895277037644f260c378d5218fcfca5bfe43e-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/925895277037644f260c378d5218fcfca5bfe43e-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/925895277037644f260c378d5218fcfca5bfe43e-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/925895277037644f260c378d5218fcfca5bfe43e-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/925895277037644f260c378d5218fcfca5bfe43e-2048x1366.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">The different feather groups as shown on a Chestnut Bulbul. Note the numbering of the feathers. GC= Greater Coverts, MC= Median Coverts, LC= Lesser Coverts, CC= Carpal Covert, T= Tertials, S= Secondaries, P= Primaries, PC= Primary Coverts.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aea8f30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aea8f30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To put this into practice, take a look at the Red-flanked Bluetail below.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-609acc4 e-con-full e-grid e-con e-child\" data-id=\"609acc4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88cc4ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"88cc4ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"342\" height=\"241\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-21-1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-3280\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-21-1.png 342w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-21-1-300x211.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 342px) 100vw, 342px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Many juvenile Red-flanked Bluetails cannot be accurately sexed due to the similarities between the sexes.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90368cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"90368cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"374\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-23.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-3281\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-23.png 560w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-23-300x200.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">A moult limit is present between the 7 Juvenile GCs and 3 post-juvenile GCs<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-628bf2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"628bf2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In this photo, we can see a change in the GCs, from the outer 7 (counted from the outside of the wind inwards), and the inner 3 (one is hidden next to the body).<\/p><p>The outer GCs are duller, more worn, more bleached (from being in the sun for longer), and less dense than the inner 3. These, in contrast, are darker, glossier and are of a better quality. This is for 2 reasons: first, they have been moulted recently, and are therefore newer and have had less time to wear down; second, they are of the \u201cpost-juvenile\u201d generation, which are in general better quality than juvenile feathers. This tells us that this bird was born the year before capture (as it was caught in January), i.e. a juvenile, or 2nd calendar year bird.<\/p><p>Most juvenile Red-flanked Bluetails cannot be sexed, due to the similarities between young male and females.<\/p><p>We can contrast the juvenile feathers seen above to the Red-flanked Bluetail below, which is an adult female.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fa899e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2fa899e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Adult female Red-flanked Bluetail caught November 2021<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-538e1cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-eba-before-after\" data-id=\"538e1cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eba-before-after.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t            <div class=\"eba-compare-wrapper\">\n                <div class=\"eba-compare\" data-height=\"777\">\n                    <div class=\"eba-compare__before\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-26.png\" alt=\"Before\">\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"eba-compare__after\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-25-1.png\" alt=\"After\">\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"eba-compare__handle\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"100\" aria-valuenow=\"50\" aria-label=\"Compare handle\">\n                        <span class=\"eba-compare__handle-bar\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                                            <div class=\"eba-compare__captions\">\n                            \n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36e362b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"36e362b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L: Adult female Red-flanked Bluetail, showing no blue in the plumage save for the rump and tail.<br>\nR: nice and uniform wing, with no moult limits. All feathers are round, dark, glossy and of adult quality.<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6e5d74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a6e5d74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>But to come to this conclusion, we need to know exactly HOW a bird moults. This differs between species, and between adults and juveniles of a certain species. This is known as their\u00a0moult strategy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2eccb06 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2eccb06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-205bd2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"205bd2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"Moult-Strategies\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Moult strategies<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5eeb5b elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d5eeb5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e38233 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e38233\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>One of the most important feather groups for us to look at is the GCs, where moult limits are most obvious. To use this, we must understand is the\u00a0direction of moult. Most birds moult their GCs from the\u00a0inside of the wing outwards\u00a0(as shown below). For example, GC 10, 9 and 8 usually have to be moulted for the other GCs to also be moulted.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69a87da elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"69a87da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1706\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/1ceb52005f68ba5859a5490f28f593765d20ebd3-scaled.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6982\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/1ceb52005f68ba5859a5490f28f593765d20ebd3-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/1ceb52005f68ba5859a5490f28f593765d20ebd3-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/1ceb52005f68ba5859a5490f28f593765d20ebd3-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/1ceb52005f68ba5859a5490f28f593765d20ebd3-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/1ceb52005f68ba5859a5490f28f593765d20ebd3-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/1ceb52005f68ba5859a5490f28f593765d20ebd3-2048x1365.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">The direction of moult of GCs is most often from the inside of the wing outwards.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49930a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"49930a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">There are birds and individuals that moult more erratically, but this is a good guideline for us to follow. Now we can focus on the specific moult strategies of different species.<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73d32aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"73d32aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"Moult-SummerComplete\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Summer Complete, winter partial, summer partial, winter partial (SC, wp, sp, wp)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d28003d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d28003d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1392\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Scsp-wpwp.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-7311\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Scsp-wpwp.png 1392w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Scsp-wpwp-300x69.png 300w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Scsp-wpwp-1024x235.png 1024w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Scsp-wpwp-768x177.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1392px) 100vw, 1392px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">After a summer partial (post-juvenile) moult, juveniles can be identified by a moult limit in Autumn, while an adult, which undertakes a summer complete (post-breeding) moult, has a uniform plumage. Neither adults nor juveniles have a winter partial (pre-breeding) moult, meaning adults and juveniles are aged the same way in the following spring. (except both are slightly more worn). Once juveniles (now 2nd calendar years) and adults undertake their summer complete moult (post-breeding) in year 2, they can no longer be separately aged.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a34f300 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a34f300\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In this strategy, juvenile undergo a\u00a0partial post-juvenile (summer) moult, and adults undergo a\u00a0complete post-breeding (summer) moult.<\/p><p>This means that in the autumn, juvenile birds will show a contrast in the wing, while adults will have a completely uniform (one generation) plumage.<\/p><p>These species do\u00a0not\u00a0have a\u00a0pre-breeding (winter)\u00a0moult, and thus individuals caught in spring can be aged using the same criteria as in the autumn. Moult limits are likely to be even more obvious in spring as the lower quality juvenile feathers left will wear down faster than adult type feathers.<\/p><p>An example of this is shown below. Siberian Rubythroats moult with this\u00a0Adult Summer Complete (SC), juveniles summer partial (sp).\u00a0The individual below shows a moult limit in the GCs, with 7 (counted from the outside of the wind inwards) juvenile GCs, and the inner 3 (one is hidden next to the body) post-juvenile GCs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55156f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"55156f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2nd calendar year Siberian Rubythroat caught in January 2022<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dca5c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eba-before-after\" data-id=\"3dca5c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eba-before-after.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t            <div class=\"eba-compare-wrapper\">\n                <div class=\"eba-compare\" data-height=\"777\">\n                    <div class=\"eba-compare__before\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/615a2e7e7805a6b0c05556032ab867be81ffc9ab-scaled.png\" alt=\"Before\">\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"eba-compare__after\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-39.png\" alt=\"After\">\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"eba-compare__handle\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"100\" aria-valuenow=\"50\" aria-label=\"Compare handle\">\n                        <span class=\"eba-compare__handle-bar\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                                            <div class=\"eba-compare__captions\">\n                            \n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae7477 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3ae7477\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L: A young male Siberian Rubythroat displaying a fair amount of red in the throat.<br>\nR: A moult limit present in the wing between the 7 more worn juvenile GCs and \u201cnicer\u201d post juvenile GCs.<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b30d025 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b30d025\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Since this is a 1st calendar year bird, we can determine that this is a young male, as a young female would not show as much red in the throat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b7be30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4b7be30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In contrast, the photos below are of an adult bird.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d8ca9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4d8ca9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Adult male Siberian Rubythroat caught January 2022<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3e36cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-eba-before-after\" data-id=\"e3e36cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eba-before-after.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t            <div class=\"eba-compare-wrapper\">\n                <div class=\"eba-compare\" data-height=\"777\">\n                    <div class=\"eba-compare__before\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/d088d4be8a5fb09a5336c9f14ee70f7a2313c923-scaled.png\" alt=\"Before\">\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"eba-compare__after\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/BE05193_LCAL_6M_2022-01-11-14-scaled.png\" alt=\"After\">\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"eba-compare__handle\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"100\" aria-valuenow=\"50\" aria-label=\"Compare handle\">\n                        <span class=\"eba-compare__handle-bar\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                                            <div class=\"eba-compare__captions\">\n                            \n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-077aaf8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"077aaf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L: Adult Siberian Rubythroat with a large amount of red in the throat.<br>\nR: A completely uniform, nice and well-kept wing, indicating an adult bird.<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44078c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"44078c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This bird shows a completely uniform wing, all adult type feathers- these are nice, broad, dark and glossy. Considering we know that Siberian Rubythroat adults moult a\u00a0Summer Complete (SC) moult, and\u00a0juveniles summer partial (sp), we know that in January only adults would show this uniformity. Since this bird can, therefore,\u00a0not\u00a0have been born last year, we can conclude that this bird is in its\u00a03rd calendar year or older\u2013 an adult.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ddc391 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ddc391\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Once again, the large amount of red in the throat tells us that this must also be a\u00a0male.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-064b30d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"064b30d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"Moult-Summer2\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Summer Complete, no winter moult (SC, -, SC, -)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f17014 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8f17014\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1884\" height=\"791\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Frame-48096650%402x.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-3284\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Frame-48096650%402x.png 1884w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Frame-48096650%402x-300x126.png 300w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Frame-48096650%402x-1024x430.png 1024w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Frame-48096650%402x-768x322.png 768w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Frame-48096650%402x-1536x645.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1884px) 100vw, 1884px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Both adults and juveniles undertake a summer complete moult, and become indistinguishable by Autumn.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4dddbf8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4dddbf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Both adults and juveniles undertake a\u00a0Complete Summer\u00a0moult. This makes them indistinguishable by the 1st year autumn (once the complete moult is finished)- and thus all are aged as\u00a01st calendar year or older.<\/p><p>An example of this is the\u00a0Scaley-breasted Munia. Both adults and juveniles undertake a complete summer moult, after which they look identical (based on plumage).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf7c921 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eba-before-after\" data-id=\"cf7c921\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eba-before-after.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t            <div class=\"eba-compare-wrapper\">\n                <div class=\"eba-compare\" data-height=\"777\">\n                    <div class=\"eba-compare__before\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/7c828d449156cf7dd0a242d626478580d0f92c16-scaled.png\" alt=\"Before\">\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"eba-compare__after\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/d6fb44176747fb94eca25f37d34a6758122ff5e8-scaled.png\" alt=\"After\">\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"eba-compare__handle\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"100\" aria-valuenow=\"50\" aria-label=\"Compare handle\">\n                        <span class=\"eba-compare__handle-bar\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n\n                                            <div class=\"eba-compare__captions\">\n                            \n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88d86c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"88d86c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Scaley-breasted Munia caught May 2022. Cannot be aged more specific than a 2nd calendar year or older.<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-648bc5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"648bc5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"Moult-Summer3\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Summer Complete, winter partial, summer partial, winter partial (SC, wp, sp, wp)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16a9537 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"16a9537\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1392\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Scsp-wpwp.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-7311\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Scsp-wpwp.png 1392w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Scsp-wpwp-300x69.png 300w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Scsp-wpwp-1024x235.png 1024w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Scsp-wpwp-768x177.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1392px) 100vw, 1392px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">After a summer partial (post-juvenile) moult, juveniles can be identified by a moult limit in Autumn, while an adult, which undertakes a summer complete (post-breeding) moult, has a uniform plumage. Both adults and juveniles undertake a winter partial (pre-breeding) moult, leaving both adults and juveniles with moult limits in the following spring. Once juveniles (now 2nd calendar years) and adults undertake their summer complete moult (post-breeding) in year 2, they can no longer be separately aged.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef37153 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ef37153\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In this strategy, juvenile undergo a\u00a0partial post-juvenile (summer) moult, and adults undergo a\u00a0complete post-breeding (summer) moult.<\/p><p>This means that in the autumn, juvenile birds will show a contrast in the wing, while adults will have a completely uniform (one generation) plumage.<\/p><p>Both adults and juveniles also have a\u00a0partial prebreeding (winter)\u00a0moult, meaning that by spring the next year, both adults and juveniles will show at least one (potentially two for juveniles) moult limits in the wing. To differentiate the adults from the juveniles, we must be able to age the old feathers as either\u00a0juvenile\u00a0or\u00a0post-breeding\u00a0(for adults).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-937aded e-con-full e-grid e-con e-child\" data-id=\"937aded\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3f54bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a3f54bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"451\" height=\"307\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-31.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-3286\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-31.png 451w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-31-300x204.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Juvenile (2nd calendar year) bird with 4 old (post-juvenile) GCs (more worn, brown, less dense), and 6 new (pre-breeding) GCs.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0493f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a0493f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"451\" height=\"302\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-32.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-3287\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-32.png 451w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-32-300x201.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Adult (3rd calendar year or older), with at least 2 (potentially 3) old (post-breeding) GCs. These are more worn, but not as worn as if they were juvenile. Note the old Alula, also showing a fair amount of wear.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-640e44c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"640e44c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>*Note that the difference in feather generations is not as clear in the adult as both generations are of \u201cadult type\u201d. Furthermore, the juvenile feathers wear faster (as can also be seen in the PCs), making the moult limit clearer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f92a7d elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f92a7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2367ead elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2367ead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"Moult-Other\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Other Ageing Methods<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-986ff92 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"986ff92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73cc799 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73cc799\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Although the GCs are very important in ageing, we can also use other flight feathers and tail feathers to support our theories. Here, we should see the same differences as mentioned above (juvenile feathers showing a different shape, more worn, bleached, less glossy and dense etc.)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5c522b e-con-full e-grid e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b5c522b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b87bd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7b87bd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1729\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/f46af63e1ee2660427c69a2200699711c36768ff-scaled.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6983\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/f46af63e1ee2660427c69a2200699711c36768ff-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/f46af63e1ee2660427c69a2200699711c36768ff-300x203.png 300w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/f46af63e1ee2660427c69a2200699711c36768ff-1024x692.png 1024w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/f46af63e1ee2660427c69a2200699711c36768ff-768x519.png 768w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/f46af63e1ee2660427c69a2200699711c36768ff-1536x1038.png 1536w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/f46af63e1ee2660427c69a2200699711c36768ff-2048x1383.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Juvenile Japanese Tit showing juvenile PCs which lack the blue seen in adults, as well as being more worn and narrower. Also showing a moult limit between the moulted (post-juvenile) GCs and juvenile PCs.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a1f675 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0a1f675\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"451\" height=\"301\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-32.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6994\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-32.png 451w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-32-300x200.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Adult Japanese Tit showing nice, dark, glossy, and broad PCs with blue fringes. No moult limit between any of these feathers.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4cee85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f4cee85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1706\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/4cf53fa51fb7e5cb79c4686e3876c12104c2d74f-scaled.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6985\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/4cf53fa51fb7e5cb79c4686e3876c12104c2d74f-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/4cf53fa51fb7e5cb79c4686e3876c12104c2d74f-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/4cf53fa51fb7e5cb79c4686e3876c12104c2d74f-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/4cf53fa51fb7e5cb79c4686e3876c12104c2d74f-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/4cf53fa51fb7e5cb79c4686e3876c12104c2d74f-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/4cf53fa51fb7e5cb79c4686e3876c12104c2d74f-2048x1365.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Adult Huet\u2019s Fulvetta showing a round, broad tail.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbba084 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dbba084\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/74fbcb854898bbe98f12876bbcb17271bdcdf24b-scaled.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6986\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/74fbcb854898bbe98f12876bbcb17271bdcdf24b-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/74fbcb854898bbe98f12876bbcb17271bdcdf24b-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/74fbcb854898bbe98f12876bbcb17271bdcdf24b-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/74fbcb854898bbe98f12876bbcb17271bdcdf24b-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/74fbcb854898bbe98f12876bbcb17271bdcdf24b-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/74fbcb854898bbe98f12876bbcb17271bdcdf24b-2048x1366.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Juvenile Huet\u2019s Fulvetta showing a fresh but pointed and narrow tail, with a classic juvenile \u201cgrowth bar\u201d<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed98a98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed98a98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>However, with some species, especially tropical birds, we are not always able to use the plumage to see the differences between juveniles and adults. In such cases, we look to other factors.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f1d309 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7f1d309\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd5e709 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dd5e709\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"Moult-Iris\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iris Colour<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15e1336 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"15e1336\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38e2e9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"38e2e9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For most species, there is an average difference in the colour of the iris between young and adult birds. This method\u00a0must be used with caution, as for many species we do not know when the first juveniles begin to display an adult-coloured iris.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a84cbd0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a84cbd0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"942\" height=\"632\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Frame-48096641.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-3289\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Frame-48096641.png 942w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Frame-48096641-300x201.png 300w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Frame-48096641-768x515.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 942px) 100vw, 942px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Huet\u2019s Fulvettas, from top left, clockwise: Adult, caught January 2022 displaying a typical dark red iris; Juvenile, caught May 2022 (1st calendar year), displaying a very juvenile, brown-grey iris; Adult, caught January 2022; Juvenile, caught May 2022.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c96d1b elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4c96d1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13718be elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13718be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"Skull-Pneu\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Skull Pneumatization<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f5ff4c elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"3f5ff4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02a3ce5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"02a3ce5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Skull pneumatization is essentially a part of the skull\u2019s development. When a baby bird is born, the skull is not pneumatized, and from the outside of the skin, it is pink in colour. As the bird develops, most species go through this period of development, until the skull of an adult bird is usually fully pneumatized (although not for all species), which appears whiter from the outside. If we blow carefully on the feathers on a bird\u2019s head, we can part them to see the skin on the skull.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b623a31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b623a31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"716\" height=\"359\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/checking_skull.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-7298\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/checking_skull.png 716w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/checking_skull-300x150.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 716px) 100vw, 716px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Two ways to hold a bird to safely examine the skull.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffdfea9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffdfea9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By examining this, we can look at the stage of skull pneumatization, which can help us to age birds.<\/p><p>Again, we need to be\u00a0careful\u00a0with this technique, as for some species, we do not know when the first juveniles start to show a fully pneumatized skull.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ab91ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3ab91ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"941\" height=\"1060\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-34.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-3291\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-34.png 941w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-34-266x300.png 266w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-34-909x1024.png 909w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-34-768x865.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 941px) 100vw, 941px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc4868f elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"bc4868f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f2c611 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0f2c611\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"Moult-Sexing\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sexing<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd65221 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"bd65221\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-124e1d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"124e1d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sexing is a little more complicated than that ageing, as the methods used to do so vary from species to species, depending on both age and the season caught in.<\/p><p>The important thing to remember is that\u00a0we MUST age the bird FIRST. The reason for this is that young males can very often be confused with older females- who can display male characteristics.<\/p><p>A great example of this is of the Siberian Blue Robin. We can compare the individuals below:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-946b3d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"946b3d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Siberian Blue Robin caught in October 2017. 1st calendar year male.<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ced2d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3ced2d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"942\" height=\"630\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-35.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-3292\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-35.png 942w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-35-300x201.png 300w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-35-768x514.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 942px) 100vw, 942px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Young male displaying similar plumage characteristics to an adult female.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12664e7 e-con-full e-grid e-con e-child\" data-id=\"12664e7\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-773a16b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"773a16b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"320\" height=\"215\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-36.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-7010\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-36.png 320w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-36-300x202.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Moult limit in the GCs, identifying this as a juvenile bird.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6e5bd0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e6e5bd0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"873\" height=\"584\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-37-3.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-7199\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-37-3.png 873w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-37-3-300x201.png 300w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-37-3-768x514.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 873px) 100vw, 873px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">A juvenile tail, showing a growth bar. The blue hue tells us this must be a young male.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52a1398 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52a1398\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This individual was caught in October 2017. We know that Siberian Blue Robins moult\u00a0SC, -, sp, \u2013, meaning that if this is a juvenile bird, we should see a moult limit in the wing. We can see this in the GCs, with 4 older GCs that are more worn, less glossy and with orange fringes to the feathers. Now we have determined this is a young bird, the amount of blue in the tail, rump and coverts tell us that this must be a\u00a0young male.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-476105e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"476105e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For comparison, we can see what a young female would look like.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f0de87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0f0de87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Siberian Blue Robin caught in September 2021. 1st calendar year female.<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-315e6c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"315e6c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"942\" height=\"630\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-35.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-7012\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-35.png 942w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-35-300x201.png 300w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-35-768x514.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 942px) 100vw, 942px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Young female with very little blue in the plumage.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c459453 e-con-full e-grid e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c459453\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66ccef0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"66ccef0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"320\" height=\"215\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-36-1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-7013\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-36-1.png 320w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-36-1-300x202.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">A juvenile tail with pointed ends and narrow feathers.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdb374d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cdb374d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"582\" height=\"390\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-37-1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-7014\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-37-1.png 582w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-37-1-300x201.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 582px) 100vw, 582px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">A moult limit visible in the wing, determining this as a juvenile bird.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e73966 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e73966\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This bird was caught in September 2021, and also shows a moult limit in the GCs, with 7 juvenile GCs. These are kept nicer than our first bird, but still have a different tone and density to the one greyer, glossier post-juvenile GC that is visible.<br \/>Comparing the rump, we can see there is very little blue hue, while the coverts are completely brown. Therefore, we can concluded that this is a\u00a0young female.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc4143d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc4143d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Siberian Blue Robin caught in September 2021. 2nd calendar year or older female.<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02b5f4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"02b5f4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"942\" height=\"629\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-35-1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-7015\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-35-1.png 942w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-35-1-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-35-1-768x513.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 942px) 100vw, 942px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">An adult female with similar plumage characteristics to a young male.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80ace5a e-con-full e-grid e-con e-child\" data-id=\"80ace5a\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d3430d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7d3430d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"320\" height=\"215\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-36-2.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-7016\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-36-2.png 320w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-36-2-300x202.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">A nice and uniform wing with no moult limits- thus this bird must be an adult female.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f03afc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f03afc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"582\" height=\"390\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-37-2.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-7017\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-37-2.png 582w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-37-2-300x201.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 582px) 100vw, 582px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">A nice and uniform adult tail, with rounded ends and broad feathers.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b5d037 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b5d037\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Finally, we have an adult female Siberian Blue Robin caught in September 2021. If this was a young bird, we would confuse this to be a male, due to the amount of blue in the plumage. However, the entire wing is fresh, uniform, glossy, dark, and dense- all pointing to an adult. The tail confirms this, again with dark and dense feathers that lack the pointed tips shown in juveniles.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a15843d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a15843d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Since adult male Siberian Blue Robins would have blue all over their upperparts and white underparts, we can definitively say that this is an\u00a0adult female.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca6e15a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ca6e15a\" data-element_type=\"container\" id=\"FinalNotes\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1d9578 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b1d9578\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Final Notes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de1a014 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"de1a014\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>While the information above is sufficient to age and sex a lot of birds, it is important to note that there are degrees of variation in\u00a0shape, size, wear, colour\u00a0(pretty much everything) even between individuals of the same species. This means there may be\u00a0intermediate\u00a0individuals, where we cannot safely age and\/or sex them.<\/p><p>Furthermore, there are a lot of species where we just don\u2019t have the necessary information to age or sex them. A lot of these species exist in the tropics\/sub-tropics. You will see in this blog a lot of photos taken for the purpose of finding out how we can solve these problems, learn more about this species and, ergo, what we can do to protect them.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bbe82a elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3bbe82a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"902\" height=\"545\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-38.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-7018\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-38.png 902w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-38-300x181.png 300w, https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-38-768x464.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 902px) 100vw, 902px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fd368 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fd368\" data-element_type=\"container\" id=\"referenceReading\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b152961 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b152961\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">References\/Further Reading<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d2cc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d2cc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Demongin, L., 2016.\u00a0Identification guide to birds in the hand. Laurent Demongin.<\/p><p>Ginn, H. and Melville, D., 2000.\u00a0Moult in birds. British Trust for Ornithology.<\/p><p>Jenni, L. and Winkler, R., 2020.\u00a0Moult and ageing of European passerines. 2nd ed. London: Helm.<\/p><p>Jenni, L. and Winkler, R., 2020.\u00a0The biology of moult in birds. 1st ed. London: Helm.<\/p><p>Norevik, G., Hellstr\u00f6m, M., Liu, D. and Petersson, B., 2020.\u00a0Ageing &amp; sexing of migratory East Asian Passerines. 1st ed. M\u00f6rbyl\u00e5nga: Avium f\u00f6rlag A B.<\/p><p>Pyle, P., 1997.\u00a0Identification guide to North American birds. Bolinas, Calif.: Slate Creek Press.<\/p><p>Svensson, L., 1975.\u00a0Identification guide to European passerines. Stockholm: Naturhistoriska Rikskmuseet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52edf2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"52edf2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">*Please note that all wild birds are protected under Hong Kong Law. All ringing activities are conducted with the necessary permits issued by the AFCD. Handling and processing of birds is only carried out by experienced individuals.*<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd53351 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cd53351\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2422d29 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"2422d29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">    <div id=\"blog\">\n        <div class=\"blog-head\">\n            <div class=\"blog-head-left\">\n                <span>\u6700\u65b0\u65b0\u805e\u548c\u5e16\u5b50<\/span>\n                <h2>\u90e8\u843d\u683c<\/h2>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"blog-head-right\">\n                <div 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                              <span class=\"tag\">animals<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">asia<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">birdbanding<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">birdringing<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">birds<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">conservation<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">ecology<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">hongkong<\/span>\n                                                                              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viewBox=\"0 0 12 13\" fill=\"none\">\n                                        <path d=\"M9.18748 3.21191H9.74998V9.96191H8.62498V5.13145L3.39841 10.3604L2.99998 10.7588L2.20544 9.96191L2.60388 9.56348L7.83044 4.33691H2.99998V3.21191H9.18748Z\" fill=\"white\"\/>\n                                        <\/svg> \n                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/hkbwsblog.com\/zh-hant\/2025-03-1314-forest-ringing-thrushes-normal-vs-laughing\/\" class=\"swiper-slide-content\">\n                            <!-- Featured Image -->\n                                                            <div class=\"featured-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hkbwsblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/TC03976_TCAR_6M_2025-03-14-6-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"2025\/03\/13\uff0614\uff0d\u68ee\u6797\u74b0\u8a8c\uff1a\u9d87\u9ce5\u2014\u2014\u666e\u901a\u8207\u7b11\u9d87\u3002\">\n                                    \n                                <\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"information\">\n                                <!-- Tags -->\n                                <div class=\"slide-number\">02<\/div>\n                                <div class=\"post-tags\">\n                                                                                <span class=\"tag\">animals<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">asia<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">birdbanding<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">birdringing<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">birds<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">conservation<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">ecology<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">hongkong<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">nature<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">ornithology<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">Photography<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">research<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">wildlife<\/span>\n                                                                        <\/div>\n                                <!-- Title -->\n                                <div class=\"post-title\">\n                                    <h3>2025\/03\/13\uff0614\uff0d\u68ee\u6797\u74b0\u8a8c\uff1a\u9d87\u9ce5\u2014\u2014\u666e\u901a\u8207\u7b11\u9d87\u3002<\/h3>\n                                    <div class=\"bws-button\">\n                                        <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"13\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 13\" fill=\"none\">\n                                        <path d=\"M9.18748 3.21191H9.74998V9.96191H8.62498V5.13145L3.39841 10.3604L2.99998 10.7588L2.20544 9.96191L2.60388 9.56348L7.83044 4.33691H2.99998V3.21191H9.18748Z\" fill=\"white\"\/>\n                                        <\/svg> 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           <h3>2024\/12\/05\uff0606\uff0d\u68ee\u6797\u74b0\u8a8c\uff1a\u8a98\u4eba\u7684\u9d87\u9ce5\uff08Tristram\u2019s\uff09\uff01<\/h3>\n                                    <div class=\"bws-button\">\n                                        <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"13\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 13\" fill=\"none\">\n                                        <path d=\"M9.18748 3.21191H9.74998V9.96191H8.62498V5.13145L3.39841 10.3604L2.99998 10.7588L2.20544 9.96191L2.60388 9.56348L7.83044 4.33691H2.99998V3.21191H9.18748Z\" fill=\"white\"\/>\n                                        <\/svg> \n                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/hkbwsblog.com\/zh-hant\/2024-10-30-paddyfield-ringing-sir-lanceolated-warbler\/\" class=\"swiper-slide-content\">\n                            <!-- Featured Image -->\n                                                            <div class=\"featured-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/AB21934_LLAN_3_2024-10-30-3-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"2024\/10\/30\uff0d\u7a3b\u7530\u74b0\u8a8c\uff1a\u77db\u6591\u67f3\u9daf\uff01\">\n                                    \n                                <\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"information\">\n                                <!-- Tags -->\n                                <div class=\"slide-number\">04<\/div>\n                                <div class=\"post-tags\">\n                                                                                <span class=\"tag\">animals<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">asia<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">birdbanding<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">birdringing<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">birds<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">conservation<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">ecology<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">hongkong<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">ornithology<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">Photography<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">research<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">wildlife<\/span>\n                                                                        <\/div>\n                                <!-- Title -->\n                                <div class=\"post-title\">\n                                    <h3>2024\/10\/30\uff0d\u7a3b\u7530\u74b0\u8a8c\uff1a\u77db\u6591\u67f3\u9daf\uff01<\/h3>\n                                    <div class=\"bws-button\">\n                                        <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"13\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 13\" fill=\"none\">\n                                        <path d=\"M9.18748 3.21191H9.74998V9.96191H8.62498V5.13145L3.39841 10.3604L2.99998 10.7588L2.20544 9.96191L2.60388 9.56348L7.83044 4.33691H2.99998V3.21191H9.18748Z\" fill=\"white\"\/>\n                                        <\/svg> \n                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/hkbwsblog.com\/zh-hant\/2024-10-21-paddyfield-ringing-return-of-the-richards-pipit\/\" class=\"swiper-slide-content\">\n                            <!-- Featured Image -->\n                                                            <div class=\"featured-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d2rbkriu9b7k2t.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/AB21891_EAUR_4M_2024-10-21-6-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"2024\/10\/21\uff0d\u7a3b\u7530\u74b0\u8a8c\uff1a\u674e\u6c0f\u9de6\u9daf\u7684\u6b78\u4f86\uff01\">\n                                    \n                                <\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"information\">\n                                <!-- Tags -->\n                                <div class=\"slide-number\">05<\/div>\n                                <div class=\"post-tags\">\n                                                                                <span class=\"tag\">animals<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">asia<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">birdbanding<\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"tag\">birdringing<\/span>\n                                                                    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elementor-size-default\">A glance of HKBWS's bird and nature conservation effort through the perspective of the young generation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daa28a8 e-con-full bws-scroll-button elementor-hidden-mobile e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"daa28a8\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11cceb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11cceb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><div class=\"text-animation\" data-text-animation=\"GO TO VIDEO\"><span>GO TO VIDEO<\/span><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f735507 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"f735507\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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